Introduction: Prediction of flow field in compound channel is an important task for hydraulic researches because of the threedimensional nature of the flow. In compound channels with prismatic floodplains, the main feature consists of theinteraction effect between the fast moving flow in the main channel and the slow moving flow on the floodplains….

The purpose of legal rules and procedures is to regulate social relationships and maintain order in a community to pave the way for economic and social improvements. Based on this, legal rules are to be adaptable to different contexts, and the legislator is to be well-aware of the realities of the society and observe them carefully. Rules and regulations concerning unauthorized transactions, which have been dealt with in the Iranian law since a long time ago, are established based on the assumption that supporting the owner would lead to the prevention of theft and fraud. Accordingly, the rules associated with unauthorized transactions set the principle that no one can grant nor sell anything that does not belong to them whatsoever. This principle has enjoyed great integrity and use in the past, now, however, the world of business calls for a change due to the transformed nature of trades and transactions which clings on the decision-making speed...

The authority of a captain is not limited to the technical management of the ship during the voyage and the administrative duties concerning the interaction with the administrative organizations located in commercial ports. The captain has, moreover, a special place arising from his role in the maritime trade scene and his role in managing the ship that allows him to act on behalf of the maritime carriers in the transaction or to take other necessary measures in crew recruitment, ship repair, fulfillment of basic needs, etc. in emergencies where the completion of the voyage is subject to prompt action by the captain. The captain's authority is sometimes deemed to stem from the legitimate and conventional appearance and, consequently, from the reasonable perception created for others. However, he does not have such authority in reality. So, the question arises as to whether the shipowner's defense that captain has acted beyond his authority, if proven, is admissible and precludes the legitimate expectations of the other party to the contract about the owner’s commitment to the consequences of the captain’s acts. In other words, can the captain's authority be extended and can he be considered the shipowner’s agent? In response to this question, legal doctrine and jurisprudence have suggested the APPARENT agency of the captain in support of third parties in good faith who deal with the captain by trusting in the appearance and considering his authoritativeness. In this study, this type of agency of the captain in his interventions is examined in the domestic and foreign legal system. The results indicate that the APPARENT agency of the captain is represented mainly in his transactions such as ship sales and mortgages, cargo sales and mortgages, ship rental, crew recruitment, and bill of lading. The APPARENT agency leads to the liability of the ship owner making him responsible for fulfilling obligations arising from the acts of the APPARENT agent. Although the advancement of knowledge and the development of communication tools in recent years have made it possible to communicate with the owner and ask him for instructions, the notion of the impossibility of extraordinary intervention of the captain as an APPARENT agent is hardly acceptable. Accordingly, the legal doctrine today emphasizes the APPARENT agency of the captain, focusing on his specific role and scope of authority as one of the major bases of the APPARENT agency. In line with the legal literature, the rulings of foreign courts on a variety of issues uphold the captain's authority to steer ships from the port of loading to the port of discharge. The captain's intervention on behalf of the shipowner is sometimes expanded to the point where court documents are sent to him rather than to the owner or even where he is considered a defendant himself, and sparing him from this status is ruled to be void. Although the legal systems has come to hold the view that the captain lacks the authority to sell the ship, his authority in mortgaging the ship and cargo is a point of contention, each legal system having its own position, with minor disagreements within each system. Following Article 28 of the Iranian Amendment to the Maritime Act approved on 9/18/2012, which has replaced Article 89 of the Iranian Maritime Act, obtaining permission from the shipowner, the sender and the cargo owner is a necessary condition for mortgaging the ship. Although the legislature may appear to want to reduce the captain's authority and, consequently, to strip him of his APPARENT agency, according to the Paragraph A of the above-mentioned article, the captain is still eligible to receive a loan if necessary funds are not provided by the owner or in necessities when urgent interventions are necessary. Moreover, according to Article 33 of the Amendment to the Maritime Act, which has replaced Article 94 of the Maritime Act, the deficiency of the latter, which failed to determine the legal status of the unjustified sale of the cargo, has been eliminated, and by confirming its validity, the APPARENT agency of the captain in the sale of cargo has been explicitly acknowledged. This agency can also be sustained in concluding a lease in the event of an emergency. Besides, due to the special place of the ship certificate of registry in establishing the ownership in some legal systems such as the French Law, if the tenant's name is not mentioned in the bill of lading, the owner, being named in the ship certification of registry, is considered responsible for the captain's obligations. The APPARENT agency of the captain in issuing the bill of lading now enjoys an almost consensual endorsement among legal systems of the world.

In the first experiment, the nitrogen corrected APPARENT metabolizable energy (AMEn) and nutrients APPARENT digestibility of full fat soybean (FFSB) extruded at 145, 155 (common temperature) and 165 °C were evaluated. The corn-soy based diets were replaced with zero, 7.5, 15 and 22.5 % of each FFSB extruded at three temperatures during 15-21 d of age and AMEn and nutrients digestibility of EFFSB were calculated by regression analysis through extrapolation to 100% substitution in basal diet. The AMEn values of the FFSB samples extruded at 145, 155 and 165 °C obtained 3893, 3908 and 4037 kcal/kg, respectively and were not significantly different (P>0.05). The APPARENT digestibility of dry matter and ether extract in FFSB samples extruded at 165 °C, was higher as compared to FFSB extruded at 145 °C. In the second experiment, the effects of 15 % FFSB extruded at three temperatures, evaluated on performance, ileal digesta viscosity and morphology of jejunum mucosa of broiler chickens. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of 42 d chickens and ileal digesta viscosity of 21 d chickens were not affected by extrusion temperatures of FFSB. The jejunal villi lentgh of chickens increased with increase in extrusion temperature of FFSB, which resulted in significant increase (P<0.05) in villi absorptive surface area of chickens fed FFSB extruded at 165 °C as compared to those fed FFSB extruded at 145 and 155 °C.

Many physicians have received a frantic call from anxious parents stating that their child had stopped breathing, become limp, or turned blue but then had recovered quickly. An APPARENT life-threatening event (ALTE) is defined as “an episode that is frightening to the observer, and is characterized by some combination of apnea, color change, marked change in muscle tone, choking, gagging, or coughing”. The incidence of ALTE is reported to be 0.05% to 6%. The knowledge about the most common causes and factors associated with higher risk of ALTE could be resulted in a more purposeful approach, improving the decision making process, and benefiting both children and parents. The aim of this review article was to report the epidemiology, etiology, evaluation, management, and disposition of ALTE. Infants with an ALTE might present no signs of acute illness and are commonly managed in the emergency settings that often require significant medical attention; hence, the emergency medicine personnel should be aware of the its clinical importance. There is no specific treatment for ALTE; therefore, the clinical evaluations should be focused on the detection of the underlying causes, which will define the out-comes and prognosis. ALTE is a confusing entity, representing a constellation of descriptive symptoms and signs; in other words, it is not a diagnosis. There are multiple possible etiologies and difficulties in evaluating and man-aging infants with these events, which are challenges to primary care physicians, emergency medicine specialists, and subspecialty pediatricians. The evaluation of these events in infants includes a detailed history, appropriate physical examination, diagnostic tests guided by obtained clues from the history and physical examination, and observation in the emergency department.

In accordance with Article 196 of the Iranian Civil Code, "Anyone contracts for himself, unless the contrary of this is stipulated in contract or to be proved in future". Iranian law scholars have interpreted this provision to two different species. Some know that as confirming the theory of the “APPARENT will” and claim that the exception set forth in this article only regulated the legal relationship between the representative and principal, not the legal relationship between the representative and contractor. Therefore, the legal relationship between the representative and the principal is not citable against the unaware person. History of Shiite jurisprudence confirms it, too. While others believe that the exception set forth in this article only regulated the legal relationship between the representative and the contractor and the relationship between the representative and the principal is citable against him as well, although he is unaware. The first interpretation is based on the theory of the APPARENT will that it is rooted in the need to public policy and the second interpretation is based on the freedom of contracts. This article seeks to examine both the interpretation and the reasons for them in Iran with emphasis on the proper interpretation of Shiite jurisprudence and recognize the best. At the end of this article the second view is accepted.